The Andromeda Strain :: essays research papers

The book I read "The Andromeda Strain was composed by the writer Michael Chrichton. It is around 286 pages in length. This book ought to be sorted as a sci-fi book. 2.) The book, The Andromeda Strain, by Michael Chrichton begins with two men going to research a satellite that smashed in Piedmont, Arizona. This satellite was conveyed to gather outsider creatures or microbes. At the point when the two men crashed into town to gather the satellite they saw that everybody was dead and inside a couple of seconds so were they. Since they were armed force staff working straightforwardly for the legislature, a few specialists and researchers were reached subtly to manage the issue. When all the men were reached, they were set to meet at the "Wildfire Project Installation", which was a top-mystery government establishment planned to examine and address any outsider infection. At the point when the men showed up, they quickly started considering and attempting to comprehend what precisely occurred in piedmont and why. This structure was set to five levels, the first of these five was spotless anyway not sterile the second somewhat more clean, similar to the third, and fourth, the fifth was as sterile as genuinely conceivable. During the investigations they tried two individuals they brought again from the town, which were the main two overcomers of the infection, one being an elderly person and the other a newborn child infant. They could discover no similitudes in them, So they tried the sickness on creatures and afterward did examinations on their dead bodies. Anyway they didn't discover anything until during one of the examinations, Burton, one of the gathering of researchers, had torn his glove, which means he was polluted with the infection. What's more, the programmed explosion button was turned on and set to go off inside three minutes. Corridor another of the researchers was the main individual ready to turn it off, constraining him to slither through the ventilation duct to another floor while darts loaded up with poison were being taken shots at him.

Impacts of Race on Health Policy System - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theImpacts of Race on Health Policy System for Cultural. Answer: Presentation Everybody is qualified for quality and great social insurance administrations from any clinical office. Your social foundation ought not discourage you from getting to clinical offices and getting the necessary treatment. Race can be characterized as the gathering of people dependent on their social, hereditary, physical, social or familial qualities. Bigotry is the segregation, provocation or inclinations of one race by another who sees themselves as better than the others. Bigotry in social insurance prompts contrasts in access to quality medicinal services. The race has been one of the serious issues in Canada that have prompted unexpected frailty care and those influenced experience issues in getting to quality human services as a result of the assorted social foundations that they are originating from. It is the obligation of the administration to present wellbeing strategies that are comprehensive and kind for each Canadian resident. Great wellbeing arrangement framework help i n improving human services for each individual independent of your race and social foundation in wellbeing strategy framework; race is a contributory factor to the achievement and adequacy of the framework (Tang, Browne, 2008). A wellbeing approach framework that includes prejudice prompts low quality administrations, imbalance in access to medicinal services, disappointed patients and increment in various patients. Bigotry has prompted an expanded number of patients turning to different choices of social insurance like the custom medicinal services for the different ailments. This has additionally lead to the ascent of mortality in patients who are having ceaseless diseases and are from the minority networks in view of the separation and absence of sufficient human services. The presentation of comprehensive medicinal services approaches will help in diminishing the death rate and improving human services among every Canadian resident. Prejudice in Canada's human services approach framework Prejudice in Canada has since a long time ago existed with most of the minority bunch comprising blacks have resettled in Quebec. Prejudice in Canada has surpassed numerous different nations, the minority bunches have not completely been perceived by the administration (Hutchison, levesque, Strumpf, Coyle, 2011). Anyway much the administration today is attempting to change the discernment and decreasing the degree of segregation of the minority bunches inside its region. The minority bunches in Canada have since a long time ago endured as a result of poor people and restricted wellbeing offices in the districts where the minority bunches live. This, be that as it may, has prompted the ascent of mortality in the minority bunches particularly those with incessant ailment and furthermore maternal mortality. A few reasons for wellbeing disparities brought about by prejudice are having less access to social assets, for example, instruction, insufficient monetary assets, poor lodging, taki ng part in wellbeing practices that are dangerous, introduction to condition perils, stress brought about by bigotry in a situation one lives in, social injuries, for example, sexual maltreatment and spousal maltreatment, projects, for example, screening being underutilized and having no trust in the human services frameworks (Prus, Tfaily, Lin, 2010). The legislature has the obligation of assuming a significant job in diminishing prejudice in Canada by making great strategies that doesn't just support the white individuals in getting effective human services however rather think of approaches that guarantees that entrance to essential medicinal services is everybody's privilege regardless of your race, clan, shading, and social foundation, it ought to be broadened (Papadopoulos, 2006). Human services associations likewise have an equivalent obligation of guaranteeing balance in the social insurance offices. The social insurance associations can present projects that are social assorted variety situated with the points of preparing wellbeing experts about social decent variety and ability. This program should concentrate on the minimized gatherings and how they can get quality social insurance. The medicinal services associations should enlist people from the minority bunches in the social insurance framework to make a free and favorable condition for the minority gatherings to feel great and safe in the human services offices. The greater part of the prepared social insurance professionals from minority bunches frequently return to their districts to offer medicinal services benefits in the accessible wellbeing offices and this is another method of advancing sufficient human services for the minority gatherings. Ontario Human Right Commission (OHRC) has set up arra ngements that shield the minority bunches from being persecuted and denied equivalent option to get to clinical offices and other government open assets (Deber, Mah, 2014). Open and policymakers' duty General society and policymakers have the duty to take up activities so as to dispense with the issue of prejudice in the human services framework. Such activities include making and expanding open mindfulness on the issue of prejudice and its consequences for the quality and availability of social insurance (Giesbrecht, Crooks, 2016). The mindfulness can be expanded through the help of arrangements and methodology that address bigotry, the foundation of network, gatherings and collusion programs that battle the issue of prejudice. Increment in the portrayal of the radicalized bunches in the dynamic procedures just as in the association's structure will help in dispensing with the prejudice in Canada (Clavier, Leeuw, 2013). General society and policymakers should hardship in executing and upholding arrangements and systems that are liberated from bigotry. The enrollment and holding of staff from the minority gatherings will help in building a culture of decent variety in the wellbeing, execution of projects that include preparing the experts on against oppressive and socially differing medicinal services. The accessibility of translators in the offices will likewise help wipe out prejudice in the medicinal services framework. Bolster the foundation of acts and strategies that address the bigotry in medicinal services framework and furthermore designate adequate assets on the side of prejudice inquire about, in leading conversations with the partners on destroying the bigotry in the nation (Westhues, Wharf, 2012). The policymakers ought to guarantee the patients practice their privileges to get to legitimate social insurance through the acquaintance of an objection box with air their grumblings just as to genius effectively react to prejudice. A thought to shape a board of trustees that addresses on racial fairness will likewise help i n managing the prejudice issue in the Canadians wellbeing approach framework. Outline The issue of bigotry, in Canada, can't be disregarded as it profoundly influences the medicinal services framework. It is a significant issue that ought to be tended to by all the partners who incorporate the administration, the medicinal services suppliers, and associations, the buyers' and the overall population. All the partners ought to join in actualizing and implementing strategies and methodology that maintains balance and battles to dispense with bigotry in the social insurance frameworks. References Piano, C., Leeuw, E. J. J. (2013).Health advancement and the arrangement procedure. Deber, R. B., Mah, C. L. (2014).Case examinations in Canadian wellbeing arrangement and the executives. Giesbrecht, D., Crooks, A., (2016). Spot, Health and Diversity: Learning from the Canadian experience. Routledge. Hutchison, B., levesque, J. F., Strumpf, E., Coyle, N. (2011). Essential social insurance in Canada:systems in motion.The Milbank Quarterly,89(2), 256-288. Papadopoulos, I. (2006).Transcultural wellbeing and social consideration: Development of socially equipped experts. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone Prus, S. G., Tfaily, R., Lin, Z. (2010). Looking at racial and migrant wellbeing status and medicinal services access in later life in Canada and the United States.Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement,29(3), 383-395. Tang, S. Y., Browne, A. J., (2008). Racematters: racialization and populist talks including Aboriginal individuals in the Canadian medicinal services context.Ethnicity and Health,13(2), 109-127. Westhues, A., Wharf, B. (2012).Canadian social arrangement: Issues and viewpoints.

Where have I been for so long

Where have I been for so long Sorry I havent posted in such a long time. You see, Ive been very hosed this IAP. But its IAP, you say, How can you be hosed? Well, theres the East Campus housemaster slection committee. And keeping up with whats going on in the UA. And Im in the Assassins Guilds ten-day game. And then there was Mystery Hunt, where I hunted with Project Electric Mayhem. But the biggest time sink of all of these is MASLab, the Mobile Autonomous Systems Laboratory, a six unit class/team robotics competition. I am on an all-5th East team, All Circuits Groovy. I came up with that name after Brian 08, one of my teammates, said that on the first day of class. MASLab is staffed entirely by students, who give us periodic lectures in room 35-225. This is a picture from our lecture on system control techniques. As you can see if you look closely, and know about such things, the picture displayed is of a sample finite-state machine. It takes a while for the robots to look like much of anything except a bunch of really nice electronics hacked together. In fact, each team started with a pegbot, or a bunch of components that they mounted on a given piece of pegboard. This picture is of our robot, nicknamed SpazBot, in pegboard form. I think Spazbot is trying to read green-and-black barcodes on the sample playing field. We do much of our work in 38-500, one of the EE labs. Here, Riv 07 and Andrea 07, both members of Robotron, poke at their robot. We are helped in the lab by good staff teaching assistants (TAs) and lab assistants (LAs), most of whom participated in MASLab in previous years. Here, my friend Dave 06, a supergenius coder who always reads this blog and used to leave me vaguely snarky comments, watches over my teammate Brian 08s shoulder to help him debug our software. Hi, Dave! I know youre reading this! You finally made into an entry! Soon, though, we started needing SpazBot to be something other than a pegbot, so we started building a chassis. I have no mechanical experience, and I got to learn to use lots of tools. I machined most of whats in this picture the round base (with help from teammate Matt 08, who also taught me how to use the necessary tools), the spacers for the caster, and the aluminum mounts for the optical encoders (the little electonic things that someones hand is holding). Matt 08 also taught Brian and me how to solder, but he is much better at it. Here he is, hard at work soldering. Our robot is round, but not everyone is using this strategy. One of the non-round robots belongs to Robotron (Kaia 06, Riv 07, Andrea 07 and Nelson 09). We were asked to babysit Robotrons robot one afternoon while they got lunch, so I took a picture. SpazBot (we need to come up with a better name at some point) plans to pick up balls to carry to goals with a ball gobbler of two wheels at the front which rotate in opposite directions, snagging balls and pushing them into a queue behind it. Well, if were going to be technical and computer science-y, its more like a stack than a queue, but queue describes the shape. To shoot balls into goals, the wheels reverse direction and spit out the most recent ball to go in. This is a prototype of the ball gobbler. My camera is broken, so thanks to Ben for lending me one. While learning to use it, I took some cute pictures of Ben and his son. Each MASLab team keeps a journal. Ours lives here. You can check each day to see what weve been doing. The final contest is on February 3, so expect more entries about MASLab!

Manifest Destinys meaning to American expansion

Manifest Destiny was a term that came to describe a widespread belief in the middle of the 19th century that the United States had a special mission to expand westward. The specific phrase was originally used in print by a journalist, John L. OSullivan, when writing about the proposed annexation of Texas. OSullivan, writing in the Democratic Review newspaper in July 1845, asserted our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. He was essentially saying the United States possessed a right granted by God to take territory in the West and install its values and system of government. That concept was not especially new, as Americans had already been exploring and settling westward, first across the Appalachian Mountains in the late 1700s, and then, in the early 1800s, beyond the Mississippi River. But by presenting the concept of westward expansion as something of a religious mission, the idea of manifest destiny struck a chord. Though the phrase manifest destiny may seem to have captured the public mood of the mid-19th century, it was not viewed with universal approval. Some at the time thought it was simply putting pseudo-religious polish on blatant avarice and conquest. Writing in the late 19th century, future president Theodore Roosevelt, referred to the concept of taking property in furtherance of manifest destiny as having been belligerent, or more properly speaking, piratical. The Push Westward The idea of expanding into the West had always been attractive, since settlers including Daniel Boone moved inland, across the Appalachians, in the 1700s. Boone had been instrumental in the establishment of what became known as the Wilderness Road, which led through the Cumberland Gap into the lands of Kentucky. And American politicians in the early 19th century, such as Henry Clay of Kentucky, eloquently made the case that the future of America lay westward. A severe financial crisis in 1837 emphasized the notion that the United States needed to expand its economy. And political figures such as Senator Thomas H. Benton of Missouri, made the case that settling along the Pacific would greatly enable trade with India and China. The Polk Administration The president most associated with the concept of manifest destiny is James K. Polk, whose single term in the White House was focused on the acquisition of California and Texas. Its worth nothing that Polk had been nominated by the Democratic Party, which was generally closely associated with expansionist ideas in the decades before the Civil War. And a Polk campaign slogan in the 1844 campaign, Fifty-four forty or fight, was a specific reference to expanding into the Northwest. What was meant by the slogan was that the border between the United States and British territory to the north would be at north latitude 54 degrees and 40 minutes. Polk got the votes of the expansionists by threatening to go to war with Britain to acquire territory. But after he was elected he negotiated the border at 49 degrees north latitude. Polk thus secured the territory that today is the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. The American desire to expand into the Southwest was also satisfied during Polks term in office as the Mexican War resulted in the United States acquiring Texas and California. By pursuing a policy of manifest destiny, Polk could be considered the most successful president of the seven men who struggled in the office in the two decades before the Civil War.  In that period between 1840 and 1860, when most occupants of the White House couldnt point to any real achievements, Polk had managed to greatly increase the territory of the nation. Controversy of Manifest Destiny Though no serious opposition to westward expansion developed, the policies of Polk and the expansionists were criticized in some quarters. Abraham Lincoln, for instance, while serving as a one-term Congressman in the late 1840s, was opposed to the Mexican War, which he believed was a pretext for expansion. And in the decades following the acquisition of western territory, the concept of manifest destiny has been continually analyzed and debated. In modern times, the concept has often been viewed in terms of what it meant to the native populations of the American West, which were, of course, displaced or even eliminated by expansionist policies of the United States government. The lofty tone which John L. OSullivan intended when he used the term has not carried into the modern era.

Writing Compare and Contrast Essays

Before you begin to draft a compare and contrast essay, you should brainstorm by creating a Venn diagram or a chart to list the ​pros and cons of each subject you are comparing to another. The first paragraph of your compare and contrast essay should contain references to both sides of your comparison. This paragraph should end with a thesis sentence that sums up your overall purpose or results, like this: While city life brings many social opportunities, country life can provide the best of both worlds. Comparison essays can be constructed in two ways. You can focus on one side of your comparison at a time, describing the pros and cons of one topic first and then moving on to the next topic, like the example here: Cities have lots of great restaurants.City life offers culturally diverse populations.Cities contain theaters, sporting events, and other activities.Country life brings fresh produce within easy reach.Country life is quiet living with the opportunity to travel into cities for cultural exposure.Entertainment opportunities exist in the country, as well.Summary paragraph You could instead alternate your focus, covering one after the other in a back-and-forth pattern. Cities have lots of great restaurants.On the other hand, country life brings fresh produce within easy reach.Cities contain theaters, sporting events, and other activities.But entertainment opportunities exist in the country, as well.City life offers culturally diverse populations.However, country life is quiet living with the opportunity to travel into cities for cultural exposure. Make sure that each paragraph contains a smooth transition statement, and end your essay with a sound conclusion. Country Life or City Life? City Country Entertainment theaters, clubs festivals, bonfires, etc. Culture museums historic places Food restaurants produce Some ideas for your compare and contrast essay might make your work easier. Think about the following topics and see if one feels right for you. middle school and high school experiencepizza and spaghettidoing household chores or doing homeworkprivate school and public schoolattending big university and attending small collegecomparing two gamescomparing two types of phoneslaptops to tabletscomparing two teaching stylescomparing English to Spanishowning a dog and owning a cattravel abroad and domestic travelgrowing up rich and growing up poortalking to dad and talking to momhaving a sister and having a brother If the list above doesnt appeal to you, it may spark an original idea that fits your situation. This type of essay can be a lot of fun!

Forbidden City Free Essays

The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, and now houses the Palace Museum. It was built from 1406 to 1420 by the third Ming emperor Yongle, who upon usurping the throne, determined to move his capital north from Nanjing to Beijing. We will write a custom essay sample on Forbidden City or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1911 the Qing dynasty fell to the republican revolutionaries. The last emperor, Puyi , continued to live in the palace after his abdication until he was expelled in 1924.Twenty-four emperors lived and ruled from this palace during this 500-year span. â€Å"The Forbidden City† is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng. The name â€Å"Zijin Cheng† is a name with significance on many levels. Zi? , refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the abode of the Celestial Emperor. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin? , referred to the fact that no-one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. [1] LayoutThe Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre high walls and a 52-metre wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 720,000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valor on the north. Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings’ glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect.The southern portion of the Forbidden City centers on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony, and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences. In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163,000 square meters. These were laid out precisely in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor.No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings. [2] The Last Owner – Puyi After the republican revolution, this Palace as a whole would have been sequestered by the Nationalist government were it not for the â€Å"Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Qing House† which allowed Puyi to live on in the Inner Court after his abdication. Meanwhile, all of the imperial treasures from palaces in Rehe (today’s Chengde ) and Mukden (today’s Shenyang ) were moved to the Forbidden City for public display in History Museum established at the Outer Court in 1914.3] In 1924, during a coup launched by the warlord Feng Yuxiang , Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City and the management of the palace fell to the charge of a committ ee set up to deal with the concerns of the deposed imperial family. The committee began a sorting and counting of the imperial treasures. A year of intense preparations later, its members arranged a grand ceremony on 10 October 1925 in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to mark the inception of the Palace Museum. My Impression Although I already travel the Forbidden City for twice time, I have not deeply understand about its history background.According this project, I get more details about the Forbidden City. It not only a grand construction, but also treasury of ancient china history. In the traveler view, it just a famous travel point. However, in Chinese mind ,the forbidden city represent the grandeur history about China. In modern century, we even can travel this place in the internet. According this technology, it is not difficult to travel Beijing forbidden city even you are in the other side of the world. How to cite Forbidden City, Papers

Forbidden City Free Essays

The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, and now houses the Palace Museum. It was built from 1406 to 1420 by the third Ming emperor Yongle, who upon usurping the throne, determined to move his capital north from Nanjing to Beijing. We will write a custom essay sample on Forbidden City or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1911 the Qing dynasty fell to the republican revolutionaries. The last emperor, Puyi , continued to live in the palace after his abdication until he was expelled in 1924.Twenty-four emperors lived and ruled from this palace during this 500-year span. â€Å"The Forbidden City† is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng. The name â€Å"Zijin Cheng† is a name with significance on many levels. Zi? , refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the abode of the Celestial Emperor. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin? , referred to the fact that no-one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. [1] LayoutThe Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre high walls and a 52-metre wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 720,000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valor on the north. Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings’ glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect.The southern portion of the Forbidden City centers on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony, and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences. In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163,000 square meters. These were laid out precisely in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor.No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings. [2] The Last Owner – Puyi After the republican revolution, this Palace as a whole would have been sequestered by the Nationalist government were it not for the â€Å"Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Qing House† which allowed Puyi to live on in the Inner Court after his abdication. Meanwhile, all of the imperial treasures from palaces in Rehe (today’s Chengde ) and Mukden (today’s Shenyang ) were moved to the Forbidden City for public display in History Museum established at the Outer Court in 1914.3] In 1924, during a coup launched by the warlord Feng Yuxiang , Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City and the management of the palace fell to the charge of a committ ee set up to deal with the concerns of the deposed imperial family. The committee began a sorting and counting of the imperial treasures. A year of intense preparations later, its members arranged a grand ceremony on 10 October 1925 in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to mark the inception of the Palace Museum. My Impression Although I already travel the Forbidden City for twice time, I have not deeply understand about its history background.According this project, I get more details about the Forbidden City. It not only a grand construction, but also treasury of ancient china history. In the traveler view, it just a famous travel point. However, in Chinese mind ,the forbidden city represent the grandeur history about China. In modern century, we even can travel this place in the internet. According this technology, it is not difficult to travel Beijing forbidden city even you are in the other side of the world. How to cite Forbidden City, Papers

Report on flexible working hours free essay sample

Flexible working hours is very important on perspective of employers and employees in Malaysia. Companies that offer flexible working schedules are the key to luring professional women back into the workforce. Flexible work arrangements was a tried and true strategy used by advanced economies and offered a work-life balance that was becoming essential in attracting and retaining employees, especially mothers who wanted more time with their family. [The Star Online, July 2013] A system of flexible working hours gives employees some choice over the actual times they work their contracted hours. Such a system can be a good way of recruiting and retaining the staff. This system provides an opportunity for employees to work hours consistent with their other commitments. Flexibility in the organization is also recognized as a valuable tool in achieving greater business productivity. This approach supports work life balance, a concept providing the flexibility necessary for employees to manage the balance between what needs to be achieved at work and their personal commitment outside the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on flexible working hours or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This research is substantial in getting the information of the advantages, disadvantages and ways to implement flexible working hours practices. Achieving a work life balance between the needs of home and work is a win for the employee and the employer. Flexible working hours management is important to increase productivity and objective of the organization in Malaysia. At the end of the research, Recommendations could be made for companies to decide to implement flexible working hour in their organization. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Most of employees want the flexibility of working hour to have a balance between work and their other responsibilities and lifestyle. For examples, parents may want to spend more time with their family, study part-time to gain qualifications or to attend cultural and sporting events and commitments. But there are have several problem or issues of flexible working hours, it is time and cost. For employment problems that are poorly handled can be time consuming and costly. Showing good faith in all negotiations with your employees is a critical element in handling problems. For employee problems, time management also can be the main problem in flexible working hours, for example scheduling meetings for when you are in the office, may cause difficulties with other staff who feel their time is being arranged around your needs. Other than that, communication can be challenging. Mobile phones, teleconferencing or videoconferencing may not always work or always be suitable. Working part time may result in missing team meetings or informal communications. The purpose of the research is to get the result either flexible working hour are suitable or relevant to use in Malaysia or not. The respondents of the research will be employee and employer from several private companies. Respondents will also be from government department. 1. 3 PURPOSE: 1. To analyze the advantages from employer employee perspective on flexible working hours 2. To identify the disadvantages for employer employee on flexible working hours implementation. 3. To recommend the suggestion on how to implement the flexible working hours in the organization. 1. 4RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 1. What is the advantage of flexible working hours? 2. What is the disadvantage of flexible working hours? 3. How to implement flexible working hours in the organization? 1. 5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study focuses on employer, employee and focus for employee in the organization. Flexible working seems to be more beneficial for health and wellbeing where the individuals control their own work patterns, rather than where employers are in control. This research will show positive relationships were found when comparing those who work flexibly with other employees. Flexible workers were found to have higher levels of organizational commitment, and in some cases they also had higher levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the availability of flexible working was a key competitive strategy within the labor market. Majority of employers dont mind when workers start their days later, they in turn expect flexibility from their employees to work outside of normal business hours, even as they wind down for the night. Employer can initiate the flexible working hours consists of part time, overtime, long term leaves, job sharing, flextime and shift work. Employer cant reduce the overload of tasks, but flexible schedules make it a bit more manageable. The organization should understand these psychological processes if they want to be successful in leading the staff towards achieving the organizational objectives. 1. 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This study will relate the relationship between flexible working hours schedule and employee motivation. It will also take into the perspective from both employer and employee regarding the advantage and disadvantage on implementation of flexible working hours. The target subjects for this study are employer and employee in the organization area and the finding of the study can be useful for all parties including government to implement the flexible working hours. This research will show the impact direct and indirect towards the employee performance such as job satisfaction and quality of work together with individual performance such as work-life balance. Respondent of this research were employee and employer working in different organization and industry. Several limitations will occur such as time constraint, lack of cooperation and different opinion from the younger and the senior employee. 1. 7 METHODOLOGY: In this study, the first step is distributing the questionnaire to our respondent that designed to define the domain of construct and consider the information to be included in the survey, what should be excluded from the survey and what information should be best obtained. Questionnaires were sent to participants by direct visit. In order to reach the target population represented in this study, the researcher compiled a contact list with names and designations. The researcher used these contact details as references for data collection and strategies to increase the response rate. We distributed the questionnaires and allowed some time for respondents to provide feedbacks. Questionnaires were collected immediately once completed. Other method we will use is interview session. This method will get direct respond and opinion from our respondent. We will interview and ask a question regarding advantage and disadvantage from employee and employer view if the flexible hour is implementing. This activity was repeated in a period of two weeks. We also obtained secondary data from a number of literature reviews. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 2. 1 Advantages of Flexible Working Hours A study by Dr Woody (2013) found current economic condition makes working parents face a tough responsibility on balancing work and family. Tough schedule to meets end result for family being scramble due to high jobless people, lower income and struggle educational system. Therefore, flexible working arrangement is become popular among parents and employer that include flexible work hours, part-time job and telecommuting. Dr Woody (2013) has found a survey from FlexJobs indicates some respondent difficult to balance their work and 81% can be a smart employee and parents. In addition to the survey, 89% agree to choose flexibility as important criteria to find next job rather than competitive that only 50%. Economist Intelligence Unit (2012, as cited in Dr Woody, 2013) ranked U. S. in 17th place for education in the world. Refer to the ranking, parent should be more involve in their children life which is majority (96%) of parents face the conflict with their responsibilities since they are full-time employee. There are difficult to find best alternative for child when their parents work and makes parents employee request to find flexible working that can benefit both employee and employer. On the survey also found parents need to care for their children when sick and miss their work. To enhance productivity and worker availability, employer needs a flexible schedule which is responds by 67% respondent and 84% respondent will have more less pack schedule when they miss a fewer day of work. Sara (2013, as cited in Dr Woody, 2013) states to increasing the quality time with children and organized activities, they need a flexible working schedule since they are not raising their children only but to improve the workforce for better economic in country. According to Amanda McGroy-Dixon (2012), to manage work-life balance, the employees often battle with it and any mistakes involve will lead to cause low of productivity. Sladek (n. d, as cited in Amanda, 2012) argues all of this struggling can be manage if the employers can take the flexible working hour as a consideration. Either need to send their children to school or need to take care of the parents. Each of employees has different type of reasons and demands to having flexible working arrangements that allows them to manage those challenges and at the same time to complete their responsibilities as a worker. Sladek (n. d, as cited in Amanda, 2012) states everybody has parts in their lives that they are trying to manage, so that they have control in their work-life balance. The flexible working arrangements are also attractive to employers because it can reduce the cost options for instance the medical insurance for the employees. The employers can offer flexible working arrangements as another benefit without much of cost impact. On the other hand, indicates in some cases, some employees prefer normal working hours and make the flexible working hours is as other options for the urgent and important occasions and not make it as a consistent basis. According to Sladek (n. d, as cited in Amanda, 2012) surveys group of employees who are in flexible working hours they have much more control in their lives and most of them are higher rates in satisfaction and engagement scores. On top of that, it improves morale and based on the past, the flexible working arrangements giving benefits for both employer and employee and expects it will be continue to grow in popularity. 2. 2 Disadvantages of Flexible Working Hours According to Miranda Brooking, Demand Media, workers nowadays more interested to flexible work that give them to balance their home and work live using a schedule they want. She adds that may workers and business person should more understand the disadvantages in some cases. Miranda Brooking, Demand Media state that there are few types of negative impact or disadvantages of flexible work among workers. Risk burnout, adding by her that means it reduces productivity in the workplace, bad attitude among co-workers and interferes with their responsibility of their job duty. Limited child care will be one of the disadvantages for flexible work state by Miranda Brooking, Demand Media. It is proving when some of workers that don’t have experience in schedules may have problem of child care that can give bad impact like being late to work. According to Lisa Mooney (2013), it is essential that a company thinks thing through before start implementing a flexible working schedule. Business owners need to recognize that flexible work arrangement is not always appropriate for all employees. The downside to flexible schedule is that the manager’s responsibility for time planning management is more pressing. This will leave manager in exceedingly difficult situation. On other hand, those employees who cannot participate in flexible time schedule can become dissatisfied. Their productivity will eventually do down. Employer’s flexibility in and out of the business at such different hours will increase company’s overhead cost and other related expenses. 2. 3 Implementation of Flexible Working Hours The implementation of flexible working hours schedule allows employee to perform duties in a comfortable, peaceful and less stress condition that can motivate staff motivation level. Flexible working hours system enables the employee to balance their obligation at work and family matters at home. According conducted research, it is clearly indicated that this system may give positive impact to married employees. This can proved from Smith (1993) which working women should have a balance between duties in the office and her obligation towards the family especially on safety issue, health and her children’s need for food. Furthermore, the implementation of flexible working hour schedule the obligation towards children safety and early education are more secured and both responsibilities at work and home can be streamlined. From another point of view, this system also improves the employee’s motivation level (Fynes at al. , 1998). The Federal Government should monitor this system implementation to ensure the effectiveness of this policy. Apart from that, the government needs to form a special committee to study the effectiveness of Flexible Working Hours implementation throughout the Federal Government agencies in the nation and ensure this system will improve their effectiveness. 3. 0FINDINGS PERSONAL BACKGROUND 3. 0. 1Respondents’ Age Figure 3. 0. 1 The Figure 3. 0. 1 shows the range of age among respondents. The highest range of age comprises 19 of respondent between the ages of 20 to 25 years meanwhile the lowest range of age is less than above 35 years comprises of only 7 of respondent. 3. 0. 2Respondents’ Gender Figure 3. 0. 2 The pie chart in Figure 3. 0. 2 shows the respondents’ gender. There are 32 female respondents and only 18 male respondents. 3. 0. 3Respondents’ Working Sector Figure 3. 0. 3 The bar chart in Figure 3. 0. 3 portrays the respondents’ working sector in private and public sector. It illustrates that 42 respondents’ of employees working in private sector meanwhile 8 respondents’ of employees working in public sector. 3. 0. 4 Respondents Position Figure 3. 0. 4 The pie chart in Figure 3. 0. 4 portrays the respondents’ working sector in private and public sector. It illustrates that 30 respondents’ of non-executive positions. Meanwhile 20 respondent of 20 executive positions. 3. 0. 5Respondents’ Year of Service Figure 3. 0. 5 The Figure 3. 0. 5 shows the range of year employees working in the company. The higher range respondent’ years of service shows 33 of respondent worked between under 5 years. It followed by 9 of respondent with less 10 years of service, and 8 of respondent with more than 10 years of services. 3. 0. 6Respondents’ Marital Status Figure 3. 0. 6 The bar chart in Figure 3. 0. 6 highlights the marital status of respondents. The highest number of respondent are single 26 respondent meanwhile 24 employees are married. FINDINGS OF ADVANTAGES FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 3. 1 Advantages of Flexible Working Hours. 3. 1. 1 What makes employee want to implement flexible working hours? Figure 3. 1. 1 The pie chart in Figure 3. 1. 1 , Highlights what makes employee want to implement the flexible working hours. Based on the bar chart provided and answer given by the respondents, majority agreed on what has been mentioned in the questionnaire. The employees want to reduce absenteeism, increase the job satisfaction and for their own personal obligations. The result was almost 40% equal to 20 people of respondents agreed all mentioned above are what the employees want compared to the lowest respond of 5 people respondents for reduce absenteeism. This question given to the respondents was basically straightforward and easy for them to respond. 3. 1. 2 Do you think flexible working hours will increase employee motivation? Figure 3. 1. 2 The bar chart in Figure 3. 1. 2 , Highlights about what the respondents point of views on their agreement either the flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation or not. It was found that only 1 respondent in 50 respondents not answer this question. It may because maybe he or she does not have any idea regarding the question given or unconditional answer. On the other hand, based on the findings above, almost 78% respondents agreed that flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation compared to only 10 people of respondents almost 20% who chose disagree with the statement. 3. 1. 3 Are you satisfied, if your company gives an option that allows you to have flexible working hours? Figure 3. 1. 3 The cylinder bar chart in Figure 3. 1. 3 shown that either the respondents satisfied or not if their company gives them an option to apply flexible working hours in the organization. Majority of the respondents are satisfied if their company comply with flexible working hours. Based on the bar chart above, the highest number of 42 people of respondents equal to 84% respondents are satisfied with the statement compared to only 16% equal to only 8 people of respondents that are not satisified. The dissatisfaction may due to of thought that with flexible working hours will jeopardize their fixed routine schedule. 3. 1. 4Do you agree that flexible working hours help you to improve your quality time with your family? Figure 3. 1. 4 The bar chart in Figure 3. 1. 4 illustrates that data from the respondents on the agreement of flexible working hours help them to improve their quality time with family. Based on the respond received, the respondents gave higher rates in agreement with 78% equal to 39 people of respondents chose ‘Yes’ as their answered compared to ‘No’ with only 11 people of respondents chose it. 3. 1. 5 For this decade and future undertaking, do you feel that flexible working hours is needed and convenience in order to work life balance? Figure 3. 1. 5 Refer to the above cone chart in Figure 3. 1. 5 shown that the highest respond from respondents almost 86% equal to 43 people of respondents out of 50 people chose ‘Yes’ instead of 7 people of respondents only chose ‘No’ for the question of in future undertaking, flexible working hours is needed and convenience in order to work life balance. Majority the respondents respond ‘Yes’. 3. 1. 6Do you agree that flexible working hours could help reduce stress among the workers? Figure 3. 1. 6 Based on doughnut chart above in Figure 3. 1. 6, illustrates that the question given to the respondents regarding the agreement of flexible working hours could help reduce stress among the workers, majority almost 80% of respondents equal to 40 people of respondents are agreed with the statement whereby almost 20% respondents equal to 10 people of respondents disagree with the statement. FINDINGS OF DISADVANTAGES FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 3. 2 Disadvantages of Flexible Working Hours. 3. 2. 1Do you agree that flexible working hours give more disadvantages instead of advantages? Figure 3. 2. 1 Doughnut Chart in Figure 3. 2. 1, prove that they agreed flexible working hours give more disadvantages instead of advantages. Based on the chart above and answer given by the respondents, majority disagreed on that flexible working hours has given advantages more than disadvantages. The result was almost 44% equal to 22 people of respondents disagreed with that above compared to the lowest respond of 4% equal to 2 people of respondent, follows with neutral, strongly disagree, strongly agree that showing 24% equal to 12 respondents, 18% equal to 9 respondents and 10% equal to 5 respondents respectively. 3. 2. 2Employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. Figure 3. 2. 2 The pie chart in Figure 3. 2. 2, illustrates the respondents of employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. The highest percentage of respondents, which 42% that agree about this while the lowest percentage of respondents, which is 6% of respondents disagree. 3. 2. 3People work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. Figure 3. 2. 3 The doughnut chart in Figure 3. 2. 3 highlights People work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. 22 respondents agree and 2 respondents neutral about above survey. 3. 2. 4In order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. Figure 3. 2. 4 The bar chart in Figure 3. 2. 4 state that in order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team rating of respondents. The highest number of respondents, which is 24 agree about above. Meanwhile, 1 respondent disagree that special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. 3. 2. 5Personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. Figure 3. 2. 5 The pie chart in Figure 3. 2. 5 illustrates the respondents of personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. The highest numbers of result above show 21 respondents that agree while the lowest number is 5 respondents that strongly disagree and strongly agree. 3. 2. 6Please choose the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. Figure 3. 2. 6 The 3-D cylinder chart in Figure 3. 2. 6 portrays the respondents of choosing the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. It has similar result of the highest respondents, 16 for virtual communication and availability concerns. The lowest results that show 9 respondents for both limited child care and risk of burnout. 3. 2. 7The most disadvantages among employers: Figure 3. 2. 7 The bar chart in Figure 3. 2. 7 highlights the most disadvantages among employers. The highest number of respondents, which is 17 state work flow interruption. Mean while, 8 respondents state for costly. 3. 2. 8Flexible working hours give disadvantages most to: Figure 3. 2. 8 The pie chart in figure 3. 2. 8 shows that employers most impact of disadvantages flexible working hours which is 34 respondents and 16 respondents of employees think that flexible working hours gives most disadvantages to them. FINDING ONSUGGESTION OF IMPLEMENTATION FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 3. 3 Suggestion of implementation on Flexible Working Hours 3. 3. 1Respondents Would Choose to Have Flexible Working Hours Figure 3. 3. 1 The doughnut chart in Figure 3. 3. 1 illustrates the suggestion from respondents about to have flexible working hours. It shows 43 of respondents choose to have flexible working hours, meanwhile 7 respondents choose no for flexible working hours. 3. 3. 2Respondents Types of Flexible Working Hours if Company Want to Implement these Methods Figure 3. 3. 2 The 3-D cylinder chart in Figure 3. 3. 2 highlights the statement of respondents’ for which types of flexible working hours would to choose if company want to implement these methods. It shows that most of respondents choose the flexible working hours. It has 34 respondents. Secondly in staggered working hours has 14 respondents, meanwhile just 2 respondents choose for shift working hours. 3. 3. 3Respondent for Integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours, for flexible working hour would affect the production and services of the organization, and also for all organization/ company, government/ private sector should implement flexible working hours. Figure 3. 3. 3 The line chart in figure 3. 3. 3 shows the blue line numbers of respondents think that integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours. 26 of respondents agree with the statement while only 2 of respondents is strongly disagree with the statement. For the red line show that respondent for flexible working hours would affect the production and service of the organization. 23 of respondents agree with the statement while only 3 of respondents are strongly disagree with the statement. Meanwhile for the green line it shows that all organization / company, government/private sector should implement flexible working hours. 28 of respondents agree with the statement while only 3 of respondents are strongly disagree with the statement. 4. 0 CONCLUSION: 4. 1PERSONAL BACKGROUND 4. 1. 1Respondents’ age It can be summarized that a majority of the respondents are between 20-25 years old. 4. 1. 2Respondent’s gender It can be concluded that most of the respondents are females. 4. 1. 3Respondents’ working sector It can be summarized that most of the respondents working on private sector. 4. 1. 4Respondents’ job positions It can be summarized that a majority of the respondents are working as non executive 4. 1. 5Respondents’ years of services It can be concluded that most of the respondents worked under 5 years. 4. 1. 6Respondents’ marital status It can be concluded that most of the respondents are single. 4. 2ADVANTAGE OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 4. 2. 1Respondents on What makes employee want to implement flexible working hours? It can be concluded that based on high percentage in the pie chart, the employees want to do their own personal matter and to increase their job satisfaction by implement the flexible working hours. The highest percentage in findings showed that the respondents chose want to achieve all of the factors that makes them want to implement the flexibility working hours. It can be concluded also there are lots of factors, reasons and demands that makes employee want to implement the flexible working hours. Example for some employees, shuffling children to school can cause them to be late while other employees have to look after older parents. 4. 2. 2Respondents on Do you think flexible working hours will increase employee motivation? It can be concluded that the flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation because as referred to the bar chart given, the highest percentage agreed that flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation to do the job done with efficient. This also can be conclude as win-win situation or reverse phycology between the employer and the employees for instance the employer gives flexibility schedule to the employees it will burst up the motivation level because an understanding between both party. Majority of the respondents are agreed with the statement. 4. 2. 3Respondents on Are you satisfied, if your company gives an option that allows you to have flexible working hours? It can be concluded that most of respondents are satisfied if the company gives an options to them to have flexible working hours because based on the higher responded from the respondents. This is might due to the flexibility to the respondents to manage their personal matter. 4. 2. 4Respondents on Do you agree that flexible working hours help you to improve your quality time with your family? It can be concluded that most of respondents are agreed that flexibility of working hours help them to improve their quality time with their family. Referred to bar chart as given, it shows higher percentage of respondents who are agreed with the statement. They are really want to improve their quality time with the family in order to avoid their children less of parents attention that can lead them to be vandalism or gangster and to manage their family to be a good person in future. 4. 2. 5 Respondents on For this decade and future undertaking, do you feel that flexible working hours is needed and convenience in order to work life balance? It can be concluded that most of respondents are convenience if the applying of flexible working hours are enforce in the organizations for this decade and future undertaking. In this new era nowadays, business are running mostly 24/7 in a week, most organizations are aiming for profit, therefore it will be convenience if the organizations can apply flexibility working hours in the company so that the workers can have some ample time to manage their own personal timing. 4. 2. 6Respondents on Do you agree that flexible working hours could help reduce stress among the workers? It can be concluded that majority respondents chose agreed on the flexible working hours could help to reduce stress; it may due to working in tight hours or schedule may force the employee cannot solve their personal matter or any other matter relating to working time, schedule or issue raise such as they can’t come to work on time on certain day due to accidents happen or car broke down. This will contribute to stress among them. 4. 3DISADVANTAGE OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 4. 3. 1Do you agree that flexible working hours give more disadvantages instead of advantages? We conclude that respondents disagree that flexible working hours give disadvantages instead of advantages. 4. 3. 2Employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. We prove that most of respondents agree that Employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. 4. 3. 3People work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. The conclusion is respondents do agree people work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. 4. 3. 4In order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. It is show that most of respondent agree In order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. 4. 3. 5Personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. It is prove that respondent agree that personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. 4. 3. 6Please choose the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. It is state that respondent choose virtual communication and availability concerns the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. 4. 3. 7The most disadvantages among employers: We conclude that the most disadvantages among employers is work flow interruption for flexible working hours. 4. 3. 8Flexible working hours give disadvantages most to: In conclusion flexible working hours give disadvantages most to employers because they will have few problems among their employees. 4. 4SUGGESTION ON IMPLEMENTATION OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 4. 4. 1Respondents Would Choose to Have Flexible Working Hours It can concluded that most of the respondent are agree to choose a flexible working hours because they want to balance their work life and home lives in the way they want if the company practiced the flexible working hours. 4. 4. 2Respondents Types of Flexible Working Hours if Company Want to Implement these Methods It can be summarized that majority of respondents choose to a flexible working hours because of many of them are married and have a child. They believe by implementing the flexible working hours, they can manage their personal life without interrupting working hours. 4. 4. 3Respondent for Integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours It can be concluded that many of the respondent agree that integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours. By implementing flexible working hours, they can complete the task given in timeframe set and increase the quality of the job. 4. 4. 4Respondent would affect the production and services of the organization It can be concluded that majority of respondent are agree that flexible working hours would affect the production and services of the organization because they believes it can increase the productivity and indirectly achieve the goals of the organization. 4. 4. 5Respondent should implement flexible working hours It can be summarized that most of the respondent agree that all sectors in Malaysia should practiced the fl

Types of Plagiarism Essays

Types of Plagiarism Essays Types of Plagiarism Essay Types of Plagiarism Essay Have you ever shared a really clever joke with a group of people who laugh hysterically, and then someone from that audience retells your joke and gives you no credit? Without any effort, that person made themselves look funny, when really they’re a thief.Plagiarizing is a lot like the joke thief. Plagiarism occurs when a writer uses information other people have produced, without giving credit to the original sources. A student can test an essay for plagiarism and see how it looks like on the real example. All jokes aside, statistics show that 50% of students admit to cheating whether it be homework, a test or plagiarizing a paper.One out of three high school students admit to plagiarizing a paper (What is Plagiarism?). The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines plagiarism as â€Å"stealing† and â€Å"committing literary theft.†Many try to water down the seriousness of plagiarism by referring to it as â€Å"borrowing† or â€Å"copying† but the offense should not be taken so lightly.What constitutes as plagiarism? Most people would assume it is as black and white as copying and pasting from the internet into a word document. In addition copying words or ideas from someone else without giving the person credit, failing to put the quotation in quotation marks, giving incorrect information about the source, changing the words but copying the sentence structure without giving credit, and it might even be where you copy so much of a sources work that it makes up the majority of your paper even if you give credit (What is Plagiarism?) Many of these rules most people would not think that they would be plagiarism, even though it can be prevented by simply looking up in an encyclopedia or on the internet. â€Å"There are different types of plagiarism; direct plagiarism, self plagiarism, mosaic plagiarism, and accidental plagiarism. Direct plagiarism is when you copy someones work word-for-word and do not give that person any type of credit. Self plagiarism is when you turn in some of your own work that you have used in the past.

A Guide to Vertical Lists

A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists By Mark Nichol A recent post described how to organize and format in-line lists, those that occur within a sentence. This one explains the proper use of vertical lists, which are organized by setting the items on the list (following an introductory phrase or sentence), apart from each other, distinguished by numbers, letters, or other symbols, on consecutive lines. Vertical lists are best employed in place of in-line lists when the list is long and/or the items consist of longer phrases or even complete sentences (or even more than one sentence). However, vertical lists are often useful in contexts in which guidance or instruction is being offered, though they are most effective when they are concise, and extended list items are not advised. If list items consist of more than one sentence, the information might be better displayed as regular text. The following vertical list (too simple to be formatted as such but used here for illustrative purposes), is offered as a basic example: The colors of the American flag are red, white, and blue. (Note: This and other correct lists in this post are formatted in boldface.) Just as is the case with an in-line list, if one or more items in a vertical list itself requires a comma, each item should be set off from the others by a semicolon. Note that despite the vertical-list formatting, because the introductory phrase and the list constitute a syntactically organized sentence, the introductory phrase is not punctuated, but terminal punctuation follows the final item. (Some publishers, however, simplify this format by omitting especially the conjunction and perhaps the commas as well.) However, compare the previous example with a version in which the introductory phrase constitutes a complete independent clause: The colors of the American flag are as follows: red white blue Here, the introductory phrase and the list do not constitute a sentence, so the list items are not punctuated. Terminal punctuation is included, however, and first word of each list item is capitalized, if the items are themselves self-contained sentences: Although the colors of the American flag did not have any official meaning when it was designed, the colors on the Great Seal represent the following virtues: White signifies purity and innocence. Red signifies hardiness and valor. Blue signifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Note how the sentences in the list are organized consistently. In the following examples, the list items must be revised to make the list syntactically consistent: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Note how the first two items follow the syntactical structure of the introductory phrase but the third one is an independent clause. The list can be rendered consistent in two ways: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and ineffective tracking of realized savings. According to our survey, these are the top three factors: Budget enforcement is lax and savings are being spent in other areas. Savings assumptions are invalid or there are changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings. Realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Avoid producing vertical lists in which to or more list items begin with the same word or words, as in this example: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, how to build out a financial team to drive and support growth, how to build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and securing/managing financing to support corporate growth strategy. To revise, incorporate the recurring word or phrase into the introductory phrase and revise any list items that begin with different wording so that they conform with the others, as shown here: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, build out a financial team to drive and support growth, build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and secure/manage financing to support corporate growth strategy. Note, too, that any symbol may be used in place of bullets, but the same symbol should be employed throughout not only a single vertical list but also all such lists throughout a document or publication. If one or more items in a vertical list marked by bullets are followed by subsidiary items of their own, a distinct symbol (such as a hollow bullet) should be used for those items, which should also be indented farther than the primary list items. Sometimes, no symbols are used at all, but this strategy is best employed if the items are brief and numerous, such as in a vocabulary list consisting of one- or two-word items. (In addition, a vertical list in which items are short can be formatted into two or more narrow columns if the width of the printed or online page is wide enough to accommodate them.) Also, numbers and letters may be substituted for bullets, but numbers are recommended only when the items in the list should be read in a particular order, such as when outlining a procedure or ranking the list items. Letters are appropriate primarily for multiple-choice test items, for example, or when the text includes frequent cross-references such as â€Å"See item d.† A basic outline-style vertical list can be organized using a simple hierarchy of Arabic numerals and lowercase letters. For a complex outline, the recommended hierarchy of numbers and letters varies according to various style manuals and writing handbooks, but The Chicago Manual of Style advises the following sequence: Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on), capital letters (A, B, C, and so on), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on), lowercase letters (a, b, c, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis, Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses, lowercase letters enclosed in parentheses, and lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis. Another outline format is the decimal outline, as shown below (appropriate indentation not used here): 1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 . . . 1.3 1.3.1 . . . 2. 2.1 . . . Ultimately, the goal of any list organization is clarity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know8 Proofreading Tips And Techniques"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Homework - Research Paper Example The company manager must ensure that the best qualified marketers and sales people are in the company to ensure that the company’s assets meet the requirements of the customers. If the particular assets are not in the company, they should ensure that they refer the customers to the right company’s partners who are in the same sphere. When selling the services outside the company’s environment, Better Sms must have qualified sales people and marketers in the field who have an excellent working experience in the same technology field. The team must relate very well with the technical department in that they will be able to advertise the messaging services very clearly and avoid technical mistakes when marketing the services. On the same note, the company should have a determined customer care department to be ready to educate the customers more about the services. Better Sms Ltd has a twenty four seven online customers care that will be communicating with the customers in case of any problem by using the interactive video response method. There are numerous sales methods to be used by the sales person but Better Sms will use the best methods that will fit the company’s services by prospecting the right target for the text messaging and the issuing of the bulky messages. Understanding and getting the right customers for the business is quite a hard task that has a lot of valleys and experiences because it needs patience and tolerance. There is a lot of frustrations in the marketing field of the sales because majorly it is a new service that is being broadcasted in the information and technology world. Just few companies like Better Sms that will educate the sales people on how to prospect the services very effectively. Better Sms will look forward to prospect the services by use of networking while interacting with the

Correlation Between the Amount of Hours Studied per Week and the Speech or Presentation

Correlation Between the Amount of Hours Studied per Week and the Points Obtained Within One Semester - Speech or Presentation Example Their research delved on the correlations among hours spent studying, learning style, and academic performance as measured by grades. The study made use of 34 mechanical engineering students who were requested to log into a study diary within a weeks time. The tool utilized for students learning style was that authored by Biggs – the Study Process Questionnaire. The results suggest that a shallow approach to learning is strongly correlated with longer study hours and high class attendance. It is thus possible to still have low grades despite high class attendance. The efficiency of the students learning style thus matters still. The study has been undertaken to determine the correlation between number of hours of study and academic test score. Moreover, it intends to ascertain if there are significant differences in both hours of study and academic test scores on the basis of gender. As such, the following are the hypotheses tested in the current research: The research takes on a quantitative approach, mainly gathering numerical data on two variables: hours of study and academic test scores. Two other variables have been gathered, namely, gender and grade. Gender has two levels, male and female. There are also two levels for grade, Grade 12 and Grade 13. There are a total of 40 respondents for the study, which have been selected randomly. There are 20 males and 20 students from each of Grades 12 and 13. Random sampling has been used to ensure that the sample that is yielded is representative of the whole population of interest. Thus, valid conclusions may be garnered. The randomly selected students were asked to explicitly give consent for their participation in the study. They were asked through phone interviews about the variables of interest, namely, number of hours of study and academic performance scores. All the data have been manually encoded through Excel, and then transferred to SPSS

How Important Is Race In US Politics?

How Important Is Race In US Politics? I am the son of a Black man from Kenya and a White woman from Kansas, asserted Barack Obama in 2008; and for as long as I live, I will never forget that in no other country on Earth is my story possible. This speech came in March 2008; until this point candidates on both sides had avoided discussing race as an issue. Obama wished to establish himself as a candidate outside of race, yet ultimately this was not possible. Those opposed to this strategy ensured that race remained an integral factor in the 2008 election and the wider US political scene. Race can be seen to link to a variety of policy areas. For example, a recent New York Times article states that, four in 10 Black children are born into poverty [while] less than one in 10 White children are.  [2]  Statistics such as this demonstrate that race in connection with economics and class are central issues for US politics more generally. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention compiled an extensive report in January 20 11 detailing racial disparities in a broad array of health problems; highlighting the continual significance of race as a policy issue, particularly in popular discourse, as this report received much mainstream media attention.  [3]  Yet the subsequent issues raised by race have changed. No longer are blatant displays of racism socially or legally acceptable; so what is preventing us from deeming America a post-racial society?  [4]  Furthermore, why is a post-racial society the aspiration? On the one hand, it falls in line with the American principle of a united nation, yet on the other hand it is considered dangerous to attempt to embrace different cultures, after so many years of segregation. Furthermore, the absence of overt discrimination does not mean that exclusion has ended, rather, that the character of [such] discrimination has changed.  [5]   This paper shall argue the continuing importance of race in US politics, both through its overt influence on policy making as well as its implicit influence; as often discussions which avoid race are making an equally important statement. This essay shall consider race largely in terms of traditional binaries of Black and White. Incorporating an analysis of ethnicity will be too broad, particularly as language and immigration would need to be considered. Obamas election as a mixed-race American has brought traditional binaries of Black and White back to the forefront of discussions. While other minority groups do add another layer of complexity, analysis of this goes beyond the scope of this essay. A further constraint has meant that race will be discussed with regard to the domestic, and in particular, on a federal level. Historically race issues differed between states, and while there may still be variation regarding perceptions between more conservative or more liberal states, a discussion of federal policy regarding race will allow wider conclusions to be drawn. Race can be considered to encompass issues of governmental policy, party policy, public perceptions and political strategy. If race is viewed in this way it is possible to attempt to separate political and legislative conceptions of race from discussions of individual discrimination. The former is the focus for this paper. All of these factors become heightened during election years, where race continues to divide people, even within the same party. Notably, the emergence Tea Party faction on the Republican side, a platform for conservative populist discontent demonstrates views held are not true of all of the Republican Party; furthermore, it may not necessarily represent views of all Tea Party movements, as there is no single Tea Party.  [6]  It is the nature of US political parties to encompass huge variation within the main parties. Election years provide an increased awareness of the political, and as such will provide recent examples of the trends in racial politics. This c an be seen presently through the debate over Obamas place of birth; with the administration choosing to release the long birth certificate before the next election cycle. The argument will proceed through three substantive sections; firstly a discussion of race and the electorate; second, the factors which continue to shape racial inequality; and finally governing, including an analysis of candidate choice. Race and class Recent shifts in the American demographic are crucial to understanding how race as an issue has changed, particularly in the post-Bush era. This change in administration provided substantive change in some areas, but arguably not during the 2008 campaign period. Minorities did, and will, continue to be a secondary concern while White voters retain plurality status, this notion featured prominently in the 2008 general election, as voting statistics suggest parties will continue to bring White issues to the forefront in order to win elections. It can be seen that there is a glaring ideological disconnect between the desire and reality of a race-free society.  [7]  Teasley and Ikard, in their article The Myth of Postracism suggest the danger of complete investment in postracial thinking, particularly for the most economically vulnerable African American population. The prominent liberal view of racial policy suggests a cautious approach, favouring the idea of a colour blind society. While it is suggested that there is no currently viable alternative to a liberal vision of race, it can be inferred that at least racialism as a theory acknowledges the persistence of racism in America.  [8]  Critical Race Theory (CRT) favours a race conscious approach, reliant upon political organisation. In arguing the need for CRT, Metzler presents an argument for why the term postracial is meaningless as a critique.  [9]  Usefully, the theory also allows for intersections between race, class and sex. A basic premise is that while electoral decisions may claim to be colour blind they are actually steeped in racist ideology.  [10]  For example, it can be argued that race as a political factor will be avoided as much as possible; unless a politicians political survival depends on it. Example 2008 or Sotomoyar The premise of a race neutral campaign is to develop a coalition of support, regardless of race. Yet ultimately, there remains a divergence as to why different r acial groups voted for Obama, while many Whites voted for Obama as a way to move beyond race, many Blacks voted for him as a way to vindicate the entire Black race.  [11]  While the term vindicate may be unnecessarily emotive, the notion of collective Black support for Obama is significant as an example of the continual relevance of race in US electoral politics and the differing motives for voting behaviour. The mere suggestion that issues still exist as Black or White demonstrates the continuing importance of race. After his 2000 election victory, Bush was famously advised that if he did not improve his minority vote, he would be unable to win the next election. The pattern of immigration in the US has left the country with a large multicultural demographic. The nature of such immigration, being both forced through slavery, and voluntary, is a relatively unique phenomenon; as such racial issues are historically rooted in much of American society. This seems to make some of the electorate, particularly minorities, more inclined to talk about race, while often having the opposite affect among White voters. Due to the growth in minority populations, there has been a proportional decrease to the White population. In 2008, the Black population alone comprised 12.8% of the population. The national census of 2010 puts this original figure at 12.6%, demonstrating a further demographic shift, wi th African Americans no longer comprising the majority minority, with the Black population comprising a smaller proportion than other minority groups.  [12]  This suggests a limit to traditional oppositional binaries of Black vs. White, with new minorities gaining ever increasing populations, and in theory increasing significance. Binaries remain important, but it is important to realise that they do not always give us a complete picture; as an increasing number of citizens describing themselves as multi-racial, 3.4% in the last census.  [13]  However, in the 2008 election focus was not given evenly to each minority group. Perhaps because some minority groups are more valuable when translated into votes, or perhaps because some groups are more politically active than others. South Asian voters had a huge impact on the democratic primaries in 2008, particularly in California, yet the binary view continued to dominate discussions. This may have been a temporary fluctuation, en couraged by the race between a Black candidate and a White candidate for the presidency. Yet it seems that the trend is actually a continuation from a longstanding history of dealing in terms of Black and White issues of race. The Black community also remains much more vocal than other minority groups, particularly more assimilated Asian voters. Ultimately, binaries remain useful in demonstrating the importance of race in contemporary politics, as it remains that conflicts between Black issues and White issues are at the forefront of debate, particularly with regard to healthcare and education. In the 1990s, Bill Clinton restored the Democratic Partys competitiveness by mostly avoiding the race-specific rhetoric and policies that had helped drive disaffected White voters toward the Republican opposition. The boom he presided over produced political and economic benefits for African-American families as well as well as Whites, making him popular with both groups. Comparing this to the situation in 2008; a deeper analysis of Obamas poll numbers [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] indicates that very little changed in terms of voting habits in this election cycle.  [14]  Thus, on the surface it seems significant that Obama has successfully reproduced the polling numbers of Clinton, a White Southerner, adding substance to the post-racial argument.  [15]  Yet in context, Obama was nominated during a period of frustration with the outgoing Republican administration, at a time of economic uncertainty, and when a generation of African Americans had won elected office. Thus it can be seen how race as a domestic issue is closely interlinked with other factors, notably feeling toward the outgoing administration and the fluctuating state of the economy. As such, examples which are often cited to demonstrate the decreasing significance of race can actually be at least partially attributed to other factors. The socioeconomic divide in America is expanding; in a multiracial society where the races are unequal, there will often be a racial dimension to class differences, for class is an efficient recoder of racism.  [16]  Reed suggests that this is an historical trend, built on the back of enslaved Africans, as such, for Reed, race and colour have always been the ultimate determinants of socioeconomic status.  [17]  Yet it seems that the greatest divide came long after the period of reconstruction. Since 1970 the socioeconomic divide has become more evident; while the status of the most disadvantaged members of the minority population deteriorated, that of the advantaged has notably improved.  [18]  This is clearest in relation to the Black American population. As such, it seems that race becomes less important because of socioeconomic factors. The rate of improvement is also notable; in several areas, such as college attendance, Blacks [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] have made those improv ements at a relatively faster rate than the reported progress of comparable Whites.  [19]  Thus, the fact that the number of Blacks enrolled full-time at colleges and universities nearly doubled between 1970 and 1980 (to over 1 million) demonstrates that there is a growing economic schism between lower-income and higher-income Black families, with the lower members of the community being left behind.  [20]  Policies such as affirmative action enhance this trend, doing more for the more advantaged members of Black communities compared to those from lower incomes. With race being so closely connected to socioeconomic conditions, it only increases its importance as a factor in US politics as the subject becomes broader. Hooks divides the Black community into class groups, and suggests that this has a considerable impact on perceptions by both the Black and the White community.  [21]  The impact of this has been to divide the Black community into sub groups, with many of the higher-income families becoming increasingly assimilated with the White community. As a basic concept this is still relevant, yet much of what Hooks outlined has become dated. Hooks argued that class-based racial integration disrupted what he terms, racial solidarity in essence; that previously class standing was irrelevant to the Black community, but increased integration has erased this bond between communities.  [22]  While it can be accepted that there did exist a sense of community, it is not true to say this has diminished to the extent which Hooks believed. Significantly, it seems the nomination of Obama reignited a sense of Black community; the mobilisation of Black voters can be attributed to a growing sense of g roup consciousness and empowerment.  [23]  Yet what is more convincing, is Hooks argument regarding communities. The emergence of what has been termed, a Black middle class, has led to wealth being removed from communities, leaving the poor and underclass as isolated segregated communities.  [24]   Race and the media It is important to consider whether race can continue to be discussed independently, or if class is now a more important issue. It seems the two issues are, and have been, fundamentally intertwined, due to long standing inequalities linking back to before the Civil War. However, the extent of this has changed, and the emergence of Black middle class has led class to move toward the forefront of political discussions of race. It is significant to discuss how and why the public produce conceptions of race, with particular emphasis on the role of the media as a source. As a nation, America emerged from a unique system of oppression and slavery. As such, race remains deeply rooted in the lives of many Americans. In an age where post-racial politics seems to be a common aspiration, for electoral benefit as much as for issues of equality, it is important to realise how race continues to appear on the political agenda. Some significant events can be cited in contemporary American politics a s periods of change. The terrorist attacks of September 2001 permanently altered American domestic and foreign policy and new issues of race were raised with the growing politicisation of Islamophobia. More recently, with regard to the binaries discussed so far, came the political impact of hurricane Katrina in 2005. Worst affected by this disaster was the city of New Orleans, which had a substantial Black population. The suffering of the people of New Orleans allowed the Democratic Party to establish itself as an alternative; and allowed it to distinguish itself through the racial politics of hurricane Katrina. It gave the Democrats the chance to put race onto the political agenda, yet arguably Obama attempted to distance himself from this strategy. This task was made easier for the Democrats due to a period of highly publicised racial shaming. By the time of the 2008 election, the Democrats were seen as a viable alternative to the Republican Party, who were famously said not to ca re about Black people.  [25]  This quote from an influential Black performer became a popular sound bite, demonstrating the importance of the media, and as such it did much to contribute to Bushs unpopularity. Following hurricane Katrina, many people sought to answer the question of whether its social effects and the government response to the countrys biggest natural disaster had more to do with race or class. Or if again, they were unavoidably linked. An argument surrounds the prominence race received as a factor in the Katrina disaster. While liberals could be accused of citing race in an attempt to reference a wider, more historic discrimination against Blacks, it was not an effective strategy as it did little to alter government policy. Therefore, although addressing Katrina as a race issue had a profound effect on the electorate, it was only later that it began to really influence policy. However, it seems that concluding class to be a more significant factor, is to divert attention away from race, thus [discouraging] a deeper discussion about the ways race and class intertwine.  [26]  Ultimately, Katrina is a prime example of the intrinsic way race and class are intertwined, largely due to the historical nature of racism in the region, in relation to housing and neighbourhood distribution. Few comparisons were made between White and Black residents, but as Lavelle and Feagin suggest; only 17% of Whites lacked access to a car to evacuate with, compared to 60% of Black residents.  [27]  Media images showed nearly all those left suffering in New Orleans were Black Americans, making it seem like a race issue; however those in more financially stable positions were able to live in safer areas, those families most able to afford homes in safer flood-protected areas and that had resources to evacuate easily suffered much less than poorer families, seemingly suggesting a class issue. Furthermore, what is also significant about the Katrina example is the way in which the media reported the story. The media are one of the most effective methods of communication across the US, as such, what is reported is highly influential among the electorate; It is universally accepted that mass media hold great power, as they transmit information to the public and are free to highlight certain news items and ignore others, setting the agenda of public life and creating consensus or disagreement on certain issues.  [2 8]  However, it took until September, a month after the disaster, for the media story to shift from stories of Black crime to the failures of government in mediating the disaster. Representation of race in the media has often contained rigid stereotypes, particularly with regard to the traditional binaries. This becomes increasingly problematic when it is considered that the portrayal may equate to the only contact a member may have with a particular racial group. In a study carried out by Johnson, he highlighted this dilemma; questioning the consequences; If somebody is living in Boston, and all their information on Black Bostonians comes from the media, what does that look like?  [29]  Johnson purported that White owned media in Boston tended to report more according to stereotypes than the Black owned media. While it was the Black owned agencies that were said to carry more positive stories, alongside the negative. Conducting a follow up to this initial study in the 1980s, Johnson looked at the distribution of coverage at the turn of the century. While crime stories continue to top the kind of coverage given to African Americans, the percentage of this coverage has dropped. Among Black owned media, education stories became central, with crime stories being placed much lower. Perceptions are crucial in politics, particularly in such a vast nation as America. Kellstedt suggests that there is a lack of substantive evidence supporting the notion that media coverage of race actually affects public opinion in any systematic way, yet he goes on to assert that it is an underlying assumption that the media has helped shape the course of race politics.  [30]  Due to their communicative role, the way the media chose to relay stories, or even the choice in stories they portray, have a profound impact in the electorate; there is a discourse of racism that advances the interests of Whites and that has an identifiable repertoire of words, images, and practices through which racial power is applied.  [31]  However, although the media still dominate communication, candidates are having an increasingly close relationship with the electorate through mediums such as social networking. As such, it seems candidates are getting increasing access to the electorate, thus racial issues can be dealt with or avoided, as the candidates chose. Of course this is relative, and the media will always retain the power of scrutiny, as is the nature in a liberal democracy. If the media shape the political agenda in the aforementioned way, then what constitutes a racial issue? It seems any number of issues could constitute a racial issue. For example, with regard to education the percentage rates of high school graduates can be used to summarise that Black students are still failing at an alarming rate compared with White students.  [32]  Or with regard to housing; although overt discrimination is no longer practiced, other practices still take place to isolate minorities from the housing market. Issues regarding joblessness, healthcare and criminal justice all continue to disproportionally affect people of colour. But what is important to question is whether these issues should be framed as racial issues, or whether this in itself is an acknowledgement of a continual inequality. If the nation were to truly adopt colour blind policies, then the theory would suggest that issues should be discussed independently from race. As such, a policy about the environment should be isolated, even though it may impact disproportionately communities of colour. But if these issues are no longer treated in isolation, politicians can be accused of pandering towards affirmative action, which is still viewed sceptically by many of the electorate. To acknowledge that so many political issues can become issues of race acknowledges the uniqueness of race as an issue area. Whether the trade-off between isolating policies is acceptable, or desirable, gets to the heart of racial policy in the USA. Is Race neutrality possible? Finally, it will be useful to look at the last presidential campaign, in order to discuss whether it can be concluded that the campaign was race neutral, and why this may have been an aspiration to so many candidates.  [33]  While this may have been the intention, partisan strategy among other factors, ensured that race was not allowed to remain off the political agenda. This continued to be true in light of the 2010 midterm elections, even though Obama was not on the ticket, much discussion among the media was once again given to his African American status and the impact this would have. Race can be seen to affect politics both implicitly and explicitly. Candidate choice was undoubtedly the aspect of race occupied most by the media. The beginning of the campaign was in line with the notion of an inclusive America. Yet the campaign shifted with the widespread circulation of Reverend Wrights sermon, in which he controversially said, the government lied about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq being a threat to the United States peace.  [34]  Obamas candidacy became very clearly race bound. At this point Obama had to justify himself in racial terms, which was a strategy which had been avoided until this point. The significance of what has since been termed Obamas race speech in 2008 is not just that it was the first point in the campaign that race became openly discussed, but it is rather what Obama did in this speech, he acknowledged the continual tensions; a part of our union we have yet to perfect.  [35]  He demonstrated that he was a clear personification o f both oppositional binaries, while offering an ability to transcend them. Black support can be seen to be both a strength and weakness for democrats. Black support can alienate other groups of voters, traditionally there have been tensions between the Black and Hispanic communities.  [36]  De-racialization is seen during campaigning when candidates attempt to avoid explicit references to race issues, in attempt to remain inclusive. Concurrently, candidates use implicit strategies such as using racial symbolic Black and Latino faces in their literature; while putting increased emphasis on issues which are perceived to be racially transcendent and ultimately, attempt to appeal to a broad selection of the electorate.  [37]  Thus even when race is not vocalised during an election, it still plays a vital role. Charles Hamilton first proposed a race neutral strategy in 1973,  [38]  Obama has been said to follow such strategy, in that he did so much to avoid discussing race as an aspect of his campaign.  [39]  The supposed advantage of such avoida nce is to encompass the widest possible selection of the electorate. With regard to voting behaviour, issues need to be directed at those who will provide the swing vote. There are limitations on the political power and influence of minorities, thus making it rational for parties to focus on the White majority, and to use deracialisation strategies.  [40]  For example, Democrats traditionally receive a disproportionate share of the minority vote, as such, it is in their interest to direct policy to White issues because they can rely on receiveing Black votes regardless; thus, the United States has racially polarized politics while race, itself, is depoliticised.  [41]  The running of a race neutral campaign is an acknowledgement in itself of the importance of race. If accepting that Black and White voters continue to prioritise different issue areas, it is also true to acknowledge that the running of a race-neutral campaign can be difficult to balance. The aim is to attract White voters without losing a connection to the Black community. Race will continue to be an issue even after the election period ends. With regard to Obama, it is again a new phenomenon; if it assumed that the race neutral campaign will extend to an attempt at race neutral governing, then Obama will continue to avoid the issue of race. This has been seen through the first half of his first term. Race issues are not overtly mentioned unless completely necessary. However this is not due to Obamas skilled pragmatism. In fact, it seems Obama may be constrained by those who elected him in the first place, as well as by the partisan tactics of the Republican opposition. If Obama had mounted a concerted series of racial policy issues, then White voters may have felt alienated. A lot of the early fears from the campaign would be perceived to be correct: for example that Obama was an African American; interested in prioritising minority issues. This goes against the intended pluralistic nature of US politics. Reed claims that Americans will have to mount a concerted effort to have Obama promote anything regarded as a Black issue.  [42]  Thus, have African American issues actually been side-lined and consequently jeopardised through the election of the countrys first Black president. If Obama does continue to down play racial issues, Conservative arguments declaring the irrelevance of race will be strengthened.  [43]  Conservatives use Obamas image as a sign that racism is dead, while at the same time evoking race strategies against him.  [44]  Race becomes an unavoidable issue of cont Toyota: Sustainable Strategies And Global Success Toyota: Sustainable Strategies And Global Success The global auto industry is a key sector of the economy for every major country in the world. A huge invests in research, development and production result in gaining high industry performance (OICA, 2010). The high competition of key players in automotive include; BMW, FIAT, Ford, General Motor, Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot Citroen, Toyota, Renault, Volkswagen, Hyundai and Daimler à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..(Datamonitor, 2010). Toyota Motor Corporation has become one of the most successful companies in the world today. In 2010, Toyota was ranked number 5 of the worlds largest corporations (Fortune, 2010) and number 11 of the best global brands (Interbrand, 2010). It is also considered as the most profitable organisation of automobile (Datamonitor, 2010). For almost 15 years J.D Power and other research firms have consistently rated Toyota and its luxury line, Lexus, among the top automotive brand. Over 50 years automotive operation worldwide and its launched the world first commercial hybrid car, Prius, enhance Toyota more strengthen and gaining high competitive advantage over the rivals in term of its reputation and reliability, initial quality, and long-term durability (J.D Power, 2010; Stewart and Raman, 2007). Thus, study of Toyota international business operation could be provided distinctive knowledge for researcher in term of strategic implementation from some well-known literatures and an investigation of some facts and information could enhance more analytical skills. Therefore, this report will start with the analysis of automobile industry including; market overview, market size and it competition situation. Follow by the reviews of Toyota Motor Corporation. Then, it strategic management will be examined. After that, Toyota performance assessment will be scrutinized. Strategic analysis will be provided in order to obtain deep analysis of corporation. Finally, conclusion part will be summarised all information according to the researchers study. 1. Automobile Industry 1.1 Market Overview Due to the progressive globalization, the climate change and the idea of air quality improvement, automobile manufacturers have put more efforts to create sustainable development which is to minimise fuel consumption and exhaust emission (UNEP, 2002). They have also made use of advanced technological solution to reduce waste and emission in the factories as well as to improve the vehicle safety and recycling ideas (Oliver Wyman, 2010; UNEP, 2002). Moreover, it is very crucial for the industry to continue the concept of great product design and innovative development such as the initiative in hybrid technology (Sturgeon, 2009, Oliver Wyman, 2010). In addition, Sturgeon et. al. (2009) explained four characteristics of the automobile industry which are: A small number of huge firms have more power than small companies. Eleven huge and dominant companies from three countries including Japan, Germany, and the USA. The automobile industry has developed strong regional structure along with globalisation integration. The final product assembly of vehicle has been moved to the home market due to political sensitivity issues. There are only few generic parts and component systems that can be fit to all products. Therefore, it has to be customised before production. The automobile markets condition has also been driven by globalization which can be divided into four categories Market globalisation drivers, Cost globalsation drivers, Government globalisation drivers, and Competitive globalisation drivers (YIP, 1992). The firms should understand and recognize these drivers in order to evaluate and gain their competitive advantages. Analysis of the globalisation drivers for the automotive industry is demonstrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: Yips globalization drivers of automobile industry Source: Authors own 1.2 Market Size The global market of new cars has been recovered from a decline in value in 2008. In 2009, the market rose by 2.7% and reached a value of $1,019.2 billion while its combined annual market growth rate was just 2.1% during 2005 2009. According to the pie chart shown on Figure 2, Toyota Motor Corporation took a 15.3% share of the markets volume being a leader in the market, compared to Volkswagen (14.2% ) and Ford (8.1%) (Datamonitor, 2010). Figure 2: Market size and share of automobile Source: Adapted from Datamonitor (2010) 1.3 Porters Five Forces Porters five forces (Porter, 1980) is the crucial tool to be used to analyse the important forces that determined the competitive power of automobile industry as illustrated in figure 3 understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position youre considering moving into. Figure 3: Porters five forces Source: Authors own Threat of New Entrants It can be said that there is low threat of new entrants in the automobile industry since it has reached the mature stage of the product life cycle. If a new company wants to enter the market, it needs to achieve economic of scale cost reduction and mass production. Consequently, the new comer is required to have a huge amount of capital in order to own its automotive manufacture and innovative technology. Moreover, it is quite difficult for a new player to have its distribution channel and dealers due to the strong channel of the key companies and their reputation. Bargaining Power of Suppliers In order to produce a vehicle, it consists of many components perform final product assembly. A lot of suppliers are then involved in production process. They are very similar due to the fact that raw materials are not different. As a result, it will be very easy to change suppliers since they have low bargaining power. Bargaining Power of Buyers Consumers are the main players in this industry since the automotive business depends on them. It is not difficult for them to switch the brands if they are not satisfied. However, in order to purchase a new car, they have to deal with a dealer only. Therefore, it can be said that there is moderately high bargaining power of the buyers in the automotive industry. Threat of Substitute Products Public transport, walking, cycling etc. can be substitute products for automobiles. Also, the geographic location has considerable effect on consumers purchasing decision. People in Venice, for example, travel by boat only. However, it will be more convenient to use automobile in order to go to most places. Consequently, threat of substitute products is moderately low. Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors There is very high intensity of rivalry among competitors due to a lack of product differentiation. It is found that the key players in the industry are fairly balanced; therefore, one can easily gain the others market share. As a consequence, in order to advertise a product, the company has to consider and compare all aspects including quality, price, durability, and others to its competitors. 1.4 Strategic Groups Analysis Porter (1980) defined a strategic group as a group of companies in an industry which implement similar strategy. According to figure 4, it can be seen that the mass market follows cost leadership strategy while differentiation strategy is implemented by the luxury group (Peng, 2009). The ultra-luxury group generally utilises focus strategy (Peng, 2009). For Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota and Scion brands are developed by cost leadership strategy to compete in the mass market whereas it distributes Lexus brand for Luxury market (Toyota, 2010). Figure 4: Strategic group analysis Source: Adapted from Peng (2008) and Henry (2008) Furthermore, Oliver Wyman (2010) suggested that the automobile industry can be split up onto two different types of companies including mega groups and independent champions. Mega groups have their own manufacturers, technologies, platforms, and engines whereas independent champions depend on channel resources and their networks. Consequently, Toyota has been considered as maga groups due to the reasons above. This can be illustrated by successful OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) paradigm as shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Successful OEM diagram Source: Adapted from Oliver Wyman (2010) 2. TOYOTA Motor Corporation 2.1 Company Background Toyota Motor Corporation, a Japanese automaker, was established in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda (Toyota, 2010). Owning to its solid finance and an increase in demand of vehicles, it had become one of the strongest carmaker around mid-2008 (IHS, 2010). This is also because of its potential business strategy focusing on product innovation and its production efficiency (Takeuchi, Osono, and Shimizu, 2008). Finally, in 2010, Toyota was ranked number 5 of the worlds largest corporations (Fortune, 2010) and number 11 of the best global brands (Interbrand, 2010) 2.2 TOYOTA Global Vision 2020 Toyotas vision is to investigate and balance the relationship between the cycles of nature and the cycles of industry. Thus, its slogan is Open the Frontiers of Tomorrow which expresses the desire of Toyota and the efforts of its employees toward the realization of societys dreams in order to build a way to a new world. The Toyota group believes that it can be accomplished though the energy of people and technology (Figure 6) (Toyota, 2010). Figure 6: Toyota global vision 2020 Source: Adapted from Toyota (2010) 2.3 TOYOTA Biodiversity Guideline Biodiversity framework (Figure 7), one of the sustainability principles of Toyota, was developed in order to emphasise on three areas; contributions through technology, collaboration and cooperation with society, and information disclosure (Toyota, 2010). Figure 7: Toyota biodiversity guideline Source: Adapted from Toyota (2010) 2.4 TOYOTA Corporate Social Responsibility Toyota CSR policy consists of three main areas including social, environmental, and economic aspects (Figure 8). Based on its guideline principle, Toyota implements all business activities in order to create harmonious and sustainable society in each country (Toyota, 2010). Figure 8: Toyota CSR policy Source: Adapted from Toyota (2010) 3. Toyota Strategic Management 3.1 The Toyota Way In 1935, Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of the company, originally purposed five key principles to develop company and its employees beliefs (Toyota, 2010). After that, in order to provide rigorous training to the new generation of its employees, the company realised that these five important principles should be documented and divided into two pillars (Figure 9) which are Continuous improvement and Respect for people (Toyota, 2010, Stewart and Raman, 2007). For the first pillar, Continuous improvement can be called Kaizen which is Toyotas basic business management (Liker, 2004). It also focuses on individual learning and improvement by evaluating ones self and being creative in order to achieve goals. Also, Toyota presents its second pillar by providing employment security and developing employees participation and responsibility in order to build understanding, trust, and loyalty among the team members (Liker, 2004). Figure 9: The Toyota way Source: Adapted from Toyota (2010) 3.2 New JIT a Management Technology Strategy Model of Toyota A unique business strategy of Toyota called New JIT (Figure 10) has brought about its successful management and operation in the global market. New JIT is a management technology strategy model including three key areas; Toyota Marketing System (TMS), Toyota Production System (TPS), and Toyota Development System (TDS) (Amasaka, 2002, 2007). Figure 10: A management strategy model Source: Amasaka (2002) 3.3 Toyota Production System (TPS) Toyota production System (TPS) is the distinctive production system which enhances Toyota gaining higher competitive advantage over it competitors (Toyota, 2010; Amasaka, 2002; Takeuchi, Osono, and Shimizu, 2008). Taiichi Ohno invented TSP strategy in late 50s. Today this strategy became one of the most production efficiency in the world and many leading company use this platform extensively as an ideal prototype (Toyota, 2010; Takeuchi, Osono, and Shimizu, 2008). TPS designed House platform which mean that everyone can understand how it works (Figure 11). Toyotas global strategy on production is simple: Toyota Production Systems (TPS). TPS was designed by Taiichi Ohno who was in charge of production for Toyota after WWII. Ohno implemented this strategy in the 1950s and 60s and today Toyota is one of the worlds most efficient factories because of TPS. The goal of TPS is to provide the best quality, lowest cost, and shortest lead time through the elimination of waste (Toyota, 2010, Amasaka, 2002). Below is the actual Toyota Production System layout in its form of a house.(Figure 11). Figure 11: Toyota production system Source: Toyota (2010) 3.4 Key Management Drivers Takeuchi, Osono, and Shimizu (2008) pointed out the key of Toyotas success called Toyota six forces. It is influencing contradictions inside Toyota organisation can be divided into three forces of expansion and three forces of integration. Three forces of expansion causes changes and improvements in the company which are include setting impossible goals or near-unattainable goals from the view point of senior executives, local customization by producing products to suit local market needs and customise business operations under the same platform in each country and region, and experimentation that Toyotas eagerness to experiment helps it clear the hurdles that stand in the way of achieving near impossible goals. Another three forces of integration controls the balance between expansion and transformation. It can be seen this integration from values from the Toyota founders vision commitment and performance, up-and-in people management, and open communication to all level of employee closely. 4. Assessing Toyota Performance 4.1 Brand and Product Performance In the market of passenger cars, Toyota owns and operates 3 major brands; Toyota, Lexus and Scion (Toyota, 2010). Toyota offers more than 116 models distributing through different segments and provides customised models to attract local customers of each region in order to increase its sales volume (IHS, 2010). It can be seen Toyotas model strategy as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12: Model strategy Source: Adapred from Toyota (2010) 4.2 Global Operation and Expansion According to figure 13, on March 31st, 2010, Toyota had got 300,000 employees and 66 plants in 27 countries and regions with approximately 170 distributors and 8,000 dealers worldwide (Toyota, 2010). The efficient Toyota Production System (TPS) and high RD lead Toyota to a stronger position than its rivals in the automobile market (Takeuchi, Osono, and Shimizu, 2008). According to Toyota (2010) the number of vehicle had produced in FY2010 were 6,809,000 units. It was decreased slightly when compared to last four years. The major products which distribute worldwide came from Japan plants (58.1%) follow by Asia (15.6%) and North America (15.3%) (Figure 14) (Toyota, 2010). Regarding to distribution strategy, there are two main logistical concepts which are regional bases approach and dock-based approach are implemented by Toyota (Toyota, 2010). Despite the fact that Toyotas head office is located in Japan, its subsidiaries were founded over the world in order to create multiple regional headquarters including North America, Asia, Europe, and others ; (IHS, 2010). This means that the company can utilise localisation strategy to satisfy different customers needs in each country. On the other hand, dock-based operation is used to manage the inspections and quality control before distributing to the regional dealers again (Toyota, 2010). Figure 13: Toyota operation Source: Toyota (2010) Figure 14: Toyota production Source: Toyota (2010) 4.3 Financial Performance During FY 2010, Toyota posted better-than-expected results despite the global massive recall saga, which affected almost 10 million vehicles worldwide. For the 12 months ending 31 March 2010, the automaker returned to profitability on the back of swift cost-cutting measures and strong sales recovery in major markets, including Asia, rebounding from its first-ever annual loss posted during the previous fiscal year. The automaker posted a net profit of  ¥209.4 billion (US$2.25 billion) during FY 2010, compared with a net loss of  ¥437.0 billion during the previous fiscal year. Operating profit stood at  ¥147.5 billion, versus an operating loss of  ¥461.0 billion during the previous fiscal year, while pre-tax profit at the company stood at  ¥291.4 billion, compared with a pre-tax loss of  ¥560.4 billion, respectively. The significant improvement in operating earnings was largely thanks to  ¥520 billion in savings through cost-cutting efforts, and  ¥470.0 billion in savin gs through a reduction in fixed costs. Revenues at the company declined by 7.7% y/y, however, from  ¥20.5 trillion to almost  ¥19.0 trillion, as a result of the drop in vehicle demand in major markets, including North America and Europe, and unfavourable currency translation effects. Figure 15: Financial performance Source:Toyota (2010) 5 Toyota Strategic Analysis 5.1 Competitive Strategy According to Porters generic strategy (Porter, 1980), it can be said that Toyota is placed in the group of stuck in the middle. However, Thompson and Strickland (2008) mentioned this strategy could be named as Best-cost provider since Toyota offers customers more value for money low cost products with comparable quality and features. This is because of Toyotas revolutionary lean production system based on product differentiation strategy with understanding of customers, rather than a relentless pursuit of cost reduction in the cost leader category (Thompson and Strickland, 2008). As shown on Figure 16. Figure 16: Toyotas competitive strategy Source: Authors own 5.2 Core Competency One main characteristic that Toyota always emphasises is Quality. Consumers make their decision to buy this brand because of its reliability and its durability. Moreover, in order to stress its quality, it has been said that the vehicles are Made by Toyota. This means that the quality of its vehicles is exactly the same even though they are produced from different part of the world (Toyota, 2010). However, there is another remarkable feature that Toyota has made efforts to create and present in order to change consumers perception. It is Innovation. In 2000, Toyota launched Pirus Hybrid to introduce its sustainable technology (Toyota, 2010). This product gained customers attention and were sold out about a million in the mid of the year. As a result, Full hybrid has become its core competent technology in 2010 (Toyota, 2010). Last but not least, it is its unique production system called Toyota Production System (TPS). This system includes Just-In-Time (JIT), one-piece flow, Kaizen (continue to improve), Jidoka (automotive stop), and Heijunka (leveled production) leading Toyota to provide the best quality, the lowest cost, the shortest lead time, and the best safety (Amasaka, 2002). Consequently, Toyota can achieve highly competitive advantages over its competitors. 5.3 SWOT Analysis Strengths The strong reputation and brand image is a significant competitive advantage to boost companys sales in both domestic and international market. Consumers recognize Toyota brand and its popularity so they are more willing to pay for its premium products. Research and Development (RD) has been emphasised to ensure and enhance its quality and its safety. Also, Toyota always pays more attention on environmental compatibility when developing new products. With its strong and powerful distribution channel and dealer network, Toyota can distribute and sell its products through 170 distributors and 8,000 dealers across the world. Toyota Production System (TPS) has been successfully developed leading Toyota to gain efficient production with the best quality, the lowest cost, and the shortest lead-time. Weaknesses Due to two safety recalls announced by Toyota, consumers have less confidence in its products and its brand image. This also has a significant impact on companys share price causing a drop of stock exchanges in Japan and overseas. Employees pension fund has been decreasing owning to the financial instability. Toyota has been forced by regulation about unfunded pension; therefore the company cannot control its liquidity position. Opportunities Regulation about energy saving and emission provides a great opportunity to Toyota since it has been developed Prius, a hybrid vehicles over the years. Hybrid technology is one of the most valuable competitive advantages of Toyota enhancing it to gain higher market position. In the next ten years, China, India, and South East Asian countries are forecast to be a key driving automotive market. Therefore, Toyota should take this opportunity to obviously present its brand in the Asain markets which could help increase its market share effectively. Due to many new cars launched by Toyota during 2009-2010, the company will be able to gain higher customer interest contributing greatly to companys sales growth. The global automobile industry has been recovered from the economic recession and is expected to gradually accelerate in next year. Toyotas products and service can be expanded since they can be sold and distributed through its distribution network over the world. Threats Since there is high competition in the automobile industry, sale of Toyotas vehicles may be low and affect the companys finance and operation. Due to the different emission standard in different country, Toyota who sells and distributes products and service to more than 100 countries has additional cost in order to test, develop, and manufacture each product for each country. Toyotas financial status is quite sensitive to foreign currency exchange fluctuation, especially the Euro, and the US dollar affecting material cost and price of products sold in foreign currencies. Conclusion The key success of Toyota based on the integration of its competitive advantage and its business philosophy of understanding people as well as balancing cycles of nature and industry. The constant RD and excellent product innovation have a massive effect on Toyotas performance its market growth and its market share. The operational excellence is implemented as a strategic weapon in order to improve its products and quality through its production strategy. The Toyota Production System (TPS) is efficiently developed and effectively integrated with Toyota Marketing System (TMS) and Toyota Development System (TDS). Local customisations and multi-segmentations build Toyota more powerful than its rivals and gain positive perception from local consumers.